Outcome analysis of pregnancy termination and expectant treatment in pregnant women with suspected invasive placenta accreta spectrum disorders in the second trimester / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective: To investigate the maternal and fetal outcomes of expectant treatment and early termination of pregnancy in pregnant women with suspected invasive placenta accreta spectrum disorders (PAS) in the second trimester. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed on 51 pregnant women with suspected invasive PAS (ultrasound score ≥10) evaluated by ultrasound with gestational age <26 weeks and confirmed as invasive PAS by intraoperative findings or postoperative pathology in Peking University Third Hospital from January 2015 to January 2022. According to the informed choice of pregnant women and their families, they were divided into expectant treatment group (37 cases) and mid-term termination group (14 cases). The general clinical data and outcome indexes of the two groups were analyzed by χ2 test, Mann-Whitney U rank sum test, logistic regression and linear regression. Results: (1) General clinical data: among 51 pregnant women who were assessed as suspected invasive PAS by ultrasonography in the second trimester, invasive PAS was finally diagnosed by intraoperative findings and postoperative pathology, among which 46 cases (90%) were placenta percreta and 5 cases (10%) were placenta increta. (2) Outcome indicators: univariate analysis showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the intraoperative blood loss (median: 2 200 vs 2 150 ml), the proportion of blood loss >1 500 ml [73% (27/37) vs 9/14], the hysterectomy rate [62% (23/37) vs 8/14], the rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admission [78% (29/37) vs 9/14] between the expectant treatment group and the mid-term termination group (all P>0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the rate of intraoperative blood loss >1 500 ml (aOR=0.481, 95%CI: 0.017-13.958; P=0.670), hysterectomy (aOR=0.264, 95%CI: 0.011-6.569, P=0.417) and ICU admission (aOR=1.327, 95%CI: 0.048-36.882, P=0.867) between the two groups showed no statistical differences. (3) Outcome analysis: all 37 cases in the expectant treatment group had live births and no early neonatal death. Five pregnant women (14%, 5/37) in the expectant treatment group underwent emergency cesarean section in the course of expectant treatment. In the mid-term termination group, all pregnancies were terminated by operation, including 9 cases of hysterectomy and 5 cases of placental hysterectomy. There was 1 fetal survival (gestational age of termination: 27+4 weeks) and 13 fetal death in the mid-term termination group. Conclusions: Pregnant women who are diagnosed as suspected invasive PAS, especially those with placenta percreta, have the risk of uterine rupture and emergency surgery in the course of expectant treatment. However, early termination of pregnancy does not reduce the risk of intraoperative blood loss and hysterectomy.

Consenso Colombiano de Tratamiento del Espectro de Acretismo Placentario (EAP) / Colombian Consensus on the Treatment of Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS)

RESUMEN Introducción: el espectro de acretismo placentario (EAP) es una condición asociada a sangrado masivo posparto y mortalidad materna. Las guías de manejo publicadas en países de altos ingresos recomiendan la participación de grupos interdisciplinarios en hospitales con recursos suficientes para realizar procedimientos complejos. Sin embargo, algunas de las recomendaciones de estas guías resultan difíciles de aplicar en países de bajos y medianos ingresos. Objetivos: este consenso busca formular recomendaciones generales para el tratamiento del EAP en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: en el consenso participaron 23 panelistas, quienes respondieron 31 preguntas sobre el tratamiento de EAP. Los panelistas fueron seleccionados con base en la participación en dos encuestas realizadas para determinar la capacidad resolutiva de hospitales en el país y la región. Se utilizó la metodología Delphi modificada, incorporando dos rondas sucesivas de discusión. Para emitir las recomendaciones el grupo tomó en cuenta la opinión de los participantes, que lograron un consenso mayor al 80 %, así como las barreras y los facilitadores para su implementación. Resultados: el consenso formuló cinco recomendaciones integrando las respuestas de los panelistas. Recomendación 1. Las instituciones de atención primaria deben realizar búsqueda activa de EAP en pacientes con factores de riesgo: placenta previa e historia de miomectomía o cesárea en embarazo previo. En caso de haber signos sugestivos de EAP por ecografía, las pacientes deben ser remitidas de manera inmediata, sin tener una edad gestacional mínima, a hospitales reconocidos como centros de referencia. Las modalidades virtuales de comunicación y atención en salud pueden facilitar la interacción entre las instituciones de atención primaria y los centros de referencia para EAP. Se debe evaluar el beneficio y riesgo de las modalidades de telemedicina. Recomendación 2. Es necesario que se definan hospitales de referencia para EAP en cada región de Colombia, asegurando el cubrimiento de la totalidad del territorio nacional. Es aconsejable concentrar el flujo de pacientes afectadas por esta condición en unos pocos hospitales, donde haya equipos de cirujanos con entrenamiento específico en EAP, disponibilidad de recursos especializados y un esfuerzo institucional por mejorar la calidad de atención, en busca de tener mejores resultados en la salud de las gestantes con esta condición. Para lograr ese objetivo los participantes recomiendan que los entes reguladores de la prestación de servicios de salud a nivel nacional, regional o local vigilen el proceso de remisión de estas pacientes, facilitando rutas administrativas en caso de que no exista contrato previo entre el asegurador y el hospital o la clínica seleccionada (IPS). Recomendación 3. En los centros de referencia para pacientes con EAP se invita a la creación de equipos que incorporen un grupo fijo de especialistas (obstetras, urólogos, cirujanos generales, radiólogos intervencionistas) encargados de atender todos los casos de EAP. Es recomendable que esos grupos interdisciplinarios utilicen el modelo de "paquete de intervención" como guía para la preparación de los centros de referencia para EAP. Este modelo consta de las siguientes actividades: preparación de los servicios, prevención e identificación de la enfermedad, respuesta ante la presentación de la enfermedad, aprendizaje luego de cada evento. La telemedicina facilita el tratamiento de EAP y debe ser tenida en cuenta por los grupos interdisciplinarios que atienden esta enfermedad. Recomendación 4. Los residentes de Obstetricia deben recibir instrucción en maniobras útiles para la prevención y el tratamiento del sangrado intraoperatorio masivo por placenta previa y EAP, tales como: la compresión manual de la aorta, el torniquete uterino, el empaquetamiento pélvico, el bypass retrovesical y la maniobra de Ward. Los conceptos básicos de diagnóstico y tratamiento de EAP deben incluirse en los programas de especialización en Ginecología y Obstetricia en Colombia. En los centros de referencia del EAP se deben ofrecer programas de entrenamiento a los profesionales interesados en mejorar sus competencias en EAP de manera presencial y virtual. Además, deben ofrecer soporte asistencial remoto (telemedicina) permanente a los demás hospitales en su región, en relación con pacientes con esa enfermedad. Recomendación 5. La finalización de la gestación en pacientes con sospecha de EAP y placenta previa, por imágenes diagnósticas, sin evidencia de sangrado vaginal activo, debe llevarse a cabo entre las semanas 34 y 36 6/7. El tratamiento quirúrgico debe incluir intervenciones secuenciales que pueden variar según las características de la lesión, la situación clínica de la paciente y los recursos disponibles. Las opciones quirúrgicas (histerectomía total y subtotal, manejo quirúrgico conservador en un paso y manejo expectante) deben incluirse en un protocolo conocido por todo el equipo interdisciplinario. En escenarios sin diagnóstico anteparto, es decir, ante un hallazgo intraoperatorio de EAP (evidencia de abultamiento violáceo o neovascularización de la cara anterior del útero), y con participación de personal no entrenado, se plantean tres situaciones: Primera opción: en ausencia de indicación de nacimiento inmediato o sangrado vaginal, se recomienda diferir la cesárea (cerrar la laparotomía antes de incidir el útero) hasta asegurar la disponibilidad de los recursos recomendados para llevar a cabo una cirugía segura. Segunda opción: ante indicación de nacimiento inmediato (por ejemplo, estado fetal no tranquilizador), pero sin sangrado vaginal o indicación de manejo inmediato de EAP, se sugiere realizar manejo en dos tiempos: se realiza la cesárea evitando incidir la placenta, seguida de histerorrafia y cierre de abdomen, hasta asegurar la disponibilidad de los recursos recomendados para llevar a cabo una cirugía segura. Tercera opción: en presencia de sangrado vaginal que hace imposible diferir el manejo definitivo de EAP, es necesario extraer el feto por el fondo del útero, realizar la histerorrafia y reevaluar. En ocasiones, el nacimiento del feto disminuye el flujo placentario y el sangrado vaginal se reduce o desaparece, lo que hace posible diferir el manejo definitivo de EAP. Si el sangrado significativo persiste, es necesario continuar con la histerectomía haciendo uso de los recursos disponibles: compresión manual de la aorta, llamado inmediato a los cirujanos con mejor entrenamiento disponible, soporte de grupos expertos de otros hospitales a través de telemedicina. Si una paciente con factores de riesgo para EAP (por ejemplo, miomectomía o cesárea previa) presenta retención de placenta posterior al parto vaginal, es recomendable confirmar la posibilidad de dicho diagnóstico (por ejemplo, realizando una ecografía) antes de intentar la extracción manual de la placenta. Conclusiones: esperamos que este primer consenso colombiano de EAP sirva como base para discusiones adicionales y trabajos colaborativos que mejoren los resultados clínicos de las mujeres afectadas por esta enfermedad. Evaluar la aplicabilidad y efectividad de las recomendaciones emitidas requerirá investigaciones adicionales.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is a condition associated with massive postpartum bleeding and maternal mortality. Management guidelines published in high income countries recommend the participation of interdisciplinary teams in hospitals with sufficient resources for performing complex procedures. However, some of the recommendations contained in those guidelines are difficult to implement in low and medium income countries. Objectives: The aim of this consensus is to draft general recommendations for the treatment of PAS in Colombia Materials and Methods: Twenty-three panelists took part in the consensus with their answers to 31 questions related to the treatment of PAS. The panelists were selected based on participation in two surveys designed to determine the resolution capabilities of national and regional hospitals. The modified Delphi methodology was used, introducing two successive discussion rounds. The opinions of the participants, with a consensus of more than 80 %, as well as implementation barriers and facilitators, were taken into consideration in order to issue the recommendations. Results: The consensus drafted five recommendations, integrating the answers of the panelists. Recommendation 1. Primary care institutions must undertake active search of PAS in patients with risk factors: placenta praevia and history of myomectomy or previous cesarean section. In case of ultrasound signs suggesting PAS, patients must be immediately referred, without a minimum gestational age, to hospitals recognized as referral centers. Online communication and care modalities may facilitate the interaction between primary care institutions and referral centers for PAS. The risks and benefits of telemedicine modalities must be weighed. Recommendation 2. Referral hospitals for PAS need to be defined in each region of Colombia, ensuring coverage throughout the national territory. It is advisable to concentrate the flow of patients affected by this condition in a few hospitals with surgical teams specifically trained in PAS, availability of specialized resources, and institutional efforts at improving quality of care with the aim of achieving better health outcomes in pregnant women with this condition. To achieve this goal, participants recommend that healthcare regulatory agencies at a national and regional level should oversee the process of referral for these patients, expediting administrative pathways in those cases in which there is no prior agreement between the insurer and the selected hospital or clinic. Recommendation 3. Referral centers for patients with PAS are urged to build teams consisting of a fixed group of specialists (obstetricians, urologists, general surgeons, interventional radiologists) entrusted with the care of all PAS cases. It is advisable for these interdisciplinary teams to use the "intervention bundle" model as a guidance for building PAS referral centers. This model comprises the following activities: service preparedness, disease prevention and identification, response to the occurrence of the disease, and debriefing after every event. Telemedicine facilitates PAS treatment and should be taken into consideration by interdisciplinary teams caring for this disease. Recommendation 4. Obstetrics residents must be instructed in the performance of maneuvers that are useful for the prevention and treatment of massive intraoperative bleeding due to placenta praevia and PAS, including manual aortic compression, uterine tourniquet, pelvic packing, retrovesical bypass, and Ward maneuver. Specialization Obstetrics and Gynecology programs in Colombia must include the basic concepts of the diagnosis and treatment of PAS. Referral centers for PAS must offer online and in-person training programs for professionals interested in improving their competencies in PAS. Moreover, they must offer permanent remote support (telemedicine) to other hospitals in their region for patients with this condition. Recommendation 5. Patients suspected of having PAS and placenta praevia based on imaging, with no evidence of active vaginal bleeding, must be delivered between weeks 34 and 36 6/7. Surgical treatment must include sequential interventions that may vary depending on the characteristics of the lesion, the clinical condition of the patient and the availability of resources. The surgical options (total and subtotal hysterectomy, one-stage conservative surgical management and watchful waiting) must be included in a protocol known by the entire interdisciplinary team. In situations in which an antepartum diagnosis is lacking, that is to say, in the face of intraoperative finding of PAS (evidence of purple bulging or neovascularization of the anterior aspect of the uterus), and the participation of untrained personnel, three options are considered: Option 1: In the absence of indication of immediate delivery or of vaginal delivery, the recommendation is to postpone the cesarean section (close the laparotomy before incising the uterus) until the recommended resources for safe surgery are secured. Option 2: If there is an indication for immediate delivery (e.g., non-reassuring fetal status) but there is absence of vaginal bleeding or indication for immediate PAS management, a two-stage management is suggested: cesarean section avoiding placental incision, followed by uterine repair and abdominal closure, until the availability of the recommended resources for safe surgery is ascertained. Option 3: In the event of vaginal bleeding that prevents definitive PAS management, the fetus must be delivered through the uterine fundus, followed by uterine repair and reassessment of the situation. Sometimes, fetal delivery diminishes placental flow and vaginal bleeding is reduced or disappears, enabling the possibility to postpone definitive management of PAS. In case of persistent significant bleeding, hysterectomy should be performed, using all available resources: manual aortic compression, immediate call to the surgeons with the best available training, telemedicine support from expert teams in other hospitals. If a patient with risk factors for PAS (e.g., myomectomy or previous cesarean section) has a retained placenta after vaginal delivery, it is advisable to confirm the possibility of such diagnosis (by means of ultrasound, for example) before proceeding to manual extraction of the placenta. Conclusions: It is our hope that this first Colombian consensus on PAS will serve as a basis for additional discussions and collaborations that can result in improved clinical outcomes for women affected by this condition. Additional research will be required in order to evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of these recommendations.

Difficulties in the Management of Placenta Accreta Spectrum in Hospitals with Limited Resources / Dificuldades na gestão do espectro da placenta acreta em hospitais com recursos limitados

Abstract Objective Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is a serious diseases, and the recommendation is that the treatment is conducted in centers of excellence. Such hospitals are not easy to find in low- and middle-income countries. We seek to describe the process of prenatal diagnosis, surgical management, and postnatal histological analysis in a low-income country referral hospital with limited resources. Methods A descriptive, retrospective study was carried out including patients with a pre- or intraoperative diagnosis of PAS. The clinical results of the patients were studied as well as the results of the prenatal ultrasound and the correlation with the postnatal pathological diagnosis. Results In total, 129 patients were included. Forty-eight of them had a prenatal PAS ultrasound diagnosis (37.2%). In the remaining 81 (62.8%), the diagnosis was intraoperative. Although hysterectomy was performed in all cases, one-third of the patients (31%) did not have a histological study of the uterus. In 40% of the patients who had a histological study, PAS was not reported by the pathologist. Conclusion The frequency of prenatal diagnosis and the availability of postnatal histological studies were very low in the studied population. Surgical skill, favored by a high flow of patients, is an important factor to avoid complications in settings with limited resources.

Resumo Objetivo O espectro da placenta accreta é uma patologia grave, cujo tratamento é recomendado emcentros de excelência. Esses hospitais não são fáceis de encontrar em países de baixa e média renda. Procuramos descrever o processo de diagnóstico prénatal, tratamento cirúrgico, e análise histológica pós-natal em um hospital de referência de baixa renda com recursos limitados. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, incluindo pacientes com diagnóstico pré ou intraoperatório de espectro da placenta accreta. Foram estudados os resultados clínicos das pacientes, bem como os resultados da ultrassonografia prénatal e a correlação com o diagnóstico patológico pós-natal. Resultados No total, 129 pacientes foram incluídas. Quarenta e oito delas tiveramum diagnóstico de ultrassom do espectro da placenta accreta pré-natal (37,2%). Nos 81 (62,8%) restantes, o diagnóstico foi intraoperatório. Embora a histerectomia tenha sido realizada em todos os casos, um terço deles (31%) não tinha estudo histológico do útero. Em 40% dos pacientes que tiveram estudo histológico, o espectro da placenta accreta não foi relatado pelo patologista. Conclusão A frequência do diagnóstico pré-natal e a disponibilidade de estudos histológicos pós-natais foram muito baixas na população estudada. A habilidade cirúrgica, favorecida por um alto fluxo de pacientes, é um fator importante para evitar complicações em ambientes com recursos limitados.

Intra-abdominal aortic balloon occlusion in the management of placenta percreta / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Massive bleeding is the main concern for the management of placenta percreta (PP). Intra-abdominal aortic balloon occlusion (IABO) is one method for pelvic devascularization, but the efficacy of IABO is uncertain. This study aims to investigate the outcomes of IABO in PP patients.@*METHODS@#We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of PP cases from six tertiary centers in China between January 2011 and December 2015. PP cases with/without the use of IABO were analyzed. Propensity score matching analysis was performed to reduce the effect of selection bias. Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and the rate of hysterectomy, as well as neonatal outcomes, were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#One hundred and thirty-two matched pairs of patients were included in the final analysis. Compared with the control group, maternal outcomes, including PPH (68.9% vs. 87.9%, χ2 = 13.984, P < 0.001), hysterectomy (8.3% vs. 65.2%, χ2 = 91.672, P < 0.001), and repeated surgery (1.5% vs. 12.1%, χ2 = 11.686, P = 0.001) were significantly reduced in the IABO group. For neonatal outcomes, Apgar scores at 1 minute (8.67 ± 1.79 vs. 8.53 ± 1.68, t = -0.638, P = 0.947) and 5 minutes (9.43 ± 1.55 vs. 9.53 ± 1.26, t = 0.566, P = 0.293) were not significantly different between the two groups.@*CONCLUSIONS@#IABO can significantly reduce blood loss, hysterectomies, and repeated surgeries. This procedure has not shown harmful effects on neonatal outcomes.

Investigación de incidencia y complicaciones de histerectomía de emergencia en periparto / Investigation of Incidence and Complications of Emergency peripartum hysterectomy

Introducción: La histerectomía periparto de emergencia es una cirugía de alto riesgo, que se realiza mayoritariamente después de un parto vaginal o cesárea. Dada la importancia de las complicaciones y la mortalidad de las embarazadas para el sistema de salud, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la incidencia y las complicaciones de la histerectomía periparto de emergencia en los hospitales generales y docentes de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Zahedan. Materiales y Métodos: En este estudio descriptivo-analítico transversal, luego de obtener la aprobación del Comité de Ética, se investigó la historia clínica de las pacientes con histerectomía periparto de emergencia ingresadas en el hospital Ali ibn Abitaleb de Zahedan para la interrupción del embarazo durante 2017-2018. fueron estudiados. Después de evaluar las características demográficas, incluida la edad, la educación y la ocupación, se investigaron las causas y las complicaciones de la histerectomía de emergencia. Finalmente, los datos fueron analizados por el software SPSS.Resultados: De 2438 casos, se investigaron 50 casos de histerectomía. La edad media de las madres y el número medio de embarazos fue de 31,06 ± 5,21 y 5,72 ± 2,31, respectivamente. En este estudio, se registraron 35 cesáreas (70%) y 15 partos vaginales normales (30%), y solo el 2% condujo a una histerectomía de emergencia. Las causas más comunes de histerectomía de emergencia incluyeron placenta accreta (28%), atonía uterina (24%) y rotura uterina (20%). Las complicaciones también incluyeron fiebre (24%), coagulopatía (14%) e infección de la herida (12%). Conclusión: la placenta accreta y la atonía uterina son las causas más importantes de histerectomía. Las complicaciones más comunes de la histerectomía de emergencia son fiebre, coagulopatía e infecciones de heridas. Una disminución en el parto por cesárea electiva y un mayor fomento del parto vaginal natural podrían reducir significativamente la incidencia de histerectomía periparto y la mortalidad materna

Introduction: The emergency peripartum hysterectomy is a high-risk surgery, which is mostly performed after vaginal delivery or Caesarean section. Given the importance of complications and mortality of pregnant mothers for the health system, the present study aimed to investigate the incidence and complications of emergency peripartum hysterectomy in general and teaching hospitals of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study, after obtaining the Ethics Committee approval, the medical record of patients with emergency peripartum hysterectomy admitted to Ali ibn Abitaleb hospital of Zahedan for pregnancy termination during 2017-2018 were investigated. were studied. After evaluating demographic characteristics, including age, education, and occupation, causes, and complications of emergency hysterectomy were investigated. Finally, data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: Out of 2438 cases, 50 cases of hysterectomy were investigated. The mean age of mothers and the average number of pregnancies was 31.06±5.21 and 5.72±2.31, respectively. In this study, 35 caesarean sections (70%) and 15 normal vaginal delivery (30%) were recorded, with only 2% leading to emergency hysterectomy. The most common causes of emergency hysterectomy included placenta accreta (28%), uterine atony (24%), and uterine rupture (20%). The complications also included fever (24%), coagulopathy (14%), and wound infection (12%). Conclusion: Placenta accreta and uterine atony are the most important causes of hysterectomy. The most common complications of emergency hysterectomy are fever, coagulopathy, and wound infections. A decrease in elective caesarean delivery and further encouraging to natural vaginal delivery could significantly reduce the incidence of peripartum hysterectomy and maternal mortality

Acretismo placentario con compromiso vesical en altura / Placental accreta with bladder involvement in height

Introducción: El acretismo placentario es una complicación obstétrica compleja. Según el grado de profundidad se clasifica en placenta acreta, increta y percreta, siendo esta última una presentación rara. Objetivo: Reportar la evolución clínica quirúrgica de una paciente con diagnóstico de acretismo placentario (placenta percreta) con compromiso vesical. Caso clínico: Paciente segundigesta de 28 años, con antecedente de una cesárea anterior hace aproximadamente 4 años, ingresa por consultorio externo debido a estudio ecográfico sugestivo de probable acretismo placentario con invasión vesical realizada en el tercer trimestre, motivo por el cual es hospitalizada para un mejor estudio y tratamiento. Sometida a cirugía por equipo multidisciplinario, a cesárea-histerectomía modificada, con resección parcial de vejiga y ligadura de hipogástricas, con corta estancia en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos y hospitalización sin complicaciones urológicas posteriores. Conclusiones: La detección temprana permite una planificación preoperatoria adecuada con equipo multidisciplinario especializado, considerando la participación temprana del urólogo en la toma de decisiones(AU)

Introduction: Placental accreta is a complex obstetric complication. According to the degree of depth, it is classified into placenta accreta, increta and percreta, the latter being a rare presentation. Objective: To report the surgical clinical evolution of a patient with a diagnosis of placental accreta (placenta percreta) with bladder involvement. Clinical case report: A 28-year-old second-pregnant patient, with a history of a previous cesarean section approximately 4 years ago, was admitted to an outpatient clinic due to a probable placental accreta with bladder invasion performed in the third trimester which was suggestive in ultrasound study. She was hospitalized for better study and treatment and she underwent surgery by a multidisciplinary team. A modified cesarean section-hysterectomy, with partial bladder resection and hypogastric ligation, with a short stay in the Intensive Care Unit and hospitalization without subsequent urological complications. Conclusions: Early detection allows adequate preoperative planning with a specialized multidisciplinary team, considering the early participation of the urologist in decision-making(AU)

Peripartum Hysterectomies over a Fifteen-year Period / Histerectomias periparto ao longo de um período de quinze anos

Abstract Objective To determine the indications and outcomes of peripartum hysterectomies performed at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (a university hospital in Southern Brazil) during the past 15 years, and to analyze the clinical characteristics of the women submitted to this procedure. Methods A cross-sectional study of 47 peripartum hysterectomies from 2005 to 2019. Results The peripartum hysterectomies performed in our hospital were indicated mainly due to placenta accreta or suspicion thereof (44.7% of the cases), puerperal hemorrhage without placenta accreta (27.7%), and infection (25.5%). Total hysterectomies accounted for 63.8% of the cases, andwefound no differencebetween total versus subtotal hysterectomies in the studied outcomes. Most hysterectomies were performed within 24 hours after delivery, and they were associated with placenta accreta, placenta previa, and older maternal age. Conclusion Most (66.0%) patients were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Those who did not need it were significantly older, and had more placenta accreta, placenta previa, or previous Cesarean delivery.

Resumo Objetivo Determinar as indicações e os desfechos das histerectomias periparto realizadas no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre nos últimos 15 anos, bem como analisar as características clínicas das mulheres submetidas a esse procedimento. Métodos Estudo transversal de 47 histerectomias periparto realizadas no período de 2005 a 2019. Resultados Em nosso hospital, as histerectomias periparto foram indicadas principalmente por acretismo placentário ou sua suspeita (44,7% dos casos), hemorragia puerperal sem acretismo placentário (27,7%), e infecção (25,5%). Histerectomias totais corresponderam a 63,8% dos casos, e não encontramos diferença entre histerectomia total e subtotal para os desfechos estudados. Amaioria das histerectomias foi realizada dentro de 24 horas após o parto, o que estava associado a acretismo placentário, placenta prévia, e idade materna mais avançada. Conclusão A maioria (66,0%) das mulheres necessitou de internação em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI); aquelas que não necessitaram eram significativamente mais velhas, e tinham mais acretismo placentário, placenta prévia, ou cesárea prévia.

Correlation of An Ultrasonic Scoring System and Intraoperative Blood Loss in Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorders: A Retrospective Cohort Study / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#This study aims to investigate the correlation of an ultrasonic scoring system with intraoperative blood loss (IBL) in placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders.@*Methods@#A retrospective cohort study was conducted between January 2015 and November 2019. Clinical data for patients with PAS have been obtained from medical records. Generalized additive models were used to explore the nonlinear relationships between ultrasonic scores and IBL. Logistic regressions were used to determine the differences in the risk of IBL ≥ 1,500 mL among groups with different ultrasonic scores.@*Results@#A total of 332 patients participated in the analysis. Generalized additive models showed a significant positive correlation between score and blood loss. The amount of IBL was increased due to the rise in the ultrasonic score. All cases were divided into three groups according to the scores (low score group: ≤ 6 points, @*Conclusions@#The risk of blood loss equal to or greater than 1,500 mL increases further when ultrasonic score greater than or equal to 10 points, the preparation for transfusion and referral mechanism should be considered.

Hemoperitoneo masivo como presentación de un caso de percretismo placentario / Massive hemoperitoneum as a rare presentation of placental percretism

El acretismo placentario se define como la invasión anómala de la placenta al miometrio, denominado percretismo en su forma más severa. En la actualidad se describe la coexistencia de placenta previa con cicatriz de cesárea, como el principal factor de riesgo. Siendo esta última variable la que explica su incidencia al alza en los últimos años. El pronóstico depende mayoritariamente del grado de adherencia, del diagnóstico prenatal y del adecuado manejo multidisciplinario. Con el objetivo de mostrar una presentación poco frecuente de percretismno placentario se presenta a continuación un caso clínico sin diagnóstico prenatal con requerimiento de cirugía de urgencia y su respectivo outcome.

Placental acretism is defined as an abnormal invasion of the placenta to the myometrium, it's most severe presentation being placenta percreta. The main risk factor for this disease is the coexistence of placenta previa and previous cesarean section. Its incidence has been progressively rising, mainly because of the increase in cesarean sections. Extent of adherence, prenatal vs intra surgery diagnosis, and multidisciplinary management are accountable for the prognosis of placental acretism. A case report with no prenatal diagnosis, which required emergency surgery, and its outcome is presented.

Acretismo placentario: un diagnóstico emergente. Abordaje quirúrgico no conservador / Placental accreta: an emerging diagnosis. Approach non-conservative surgical

RESUMEN El espectro de acretismo placentario es un fenómeno infrecuente del embarazo cuya incidencia ha aumentado considerablemente y que está caracterizado por el anclaje anormal de las vellosidades coriónicas al miometrio, lo cual aumenta la morbi-mortalidad materna durante la resolución quirúrgica. Según las capas uterinas comprometidas, serán clasificadas como placenta acreta (contacta miometrio), increta (penetra miometrio) y percreta (compromete todo el miometrio y/o eventualmente órganos adyacentes), siendo su mayor factor de riesgo: la cesárea anterior y la placenta previa. En este artículo se realizó una revisión bibliográfica abarcando definiciones, diagnóstico y las nuevas tendencias en manejo quirúrgico no conservador propuesto en la nueva guía de la Federación Internacional de Ginecología y Obstetricia publicada en 2018 y elaborando una discusión respecto a ellas.

SUMMARY Placenta accreta spectrum is an uncommon phenomenon of pregnancy whose incidence has increased considerably over time and is characterized by the abnormal anchoring of the chorionic villi to the myometrium, which increases maternal morbidity and mortality during surgical resolution. According to the compromised uterine layers, they will be classified as placenta accreta (contacts myometrium), increta (penetrates myometrium) and percreta (compromises the entire myometrium and / or possibly adjacent organs), being previous caesarean section and placenta previous its major risk factor. In this review, we included definitions, diagnosis, and the new topics in non-conservative surgical management developed by the International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecolgy published in 2018, and developing a discussion of the topic.

Conservative surgical treatment of a case of placenta accreta

Abstract Placenta accreta syndromes are associated with increased maternal mortality and morbidity. Cesarean hysterectomy is usually performed in cases of placenta accreta syndrome. Fertility sparing methods can be applied. In the present study, we report a successful segmental uterine resection method for placenta accreta in the anterior uterine wall in a cesarean section case. A 39-year-old woman underwent an elective cesarean section at 38 + 2 weeks. A placental tissue with an area of 10 cm was observed extending fromthe anterior uterine wall to the serosa, 2 cm above the uterine incision line. The placental tissue was removed with the help of monopolar electrocautery. The uterine incision was continuously sutured. The patient was discharged on the second postoperative day. The placental pathology was reported as placenta accreta. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) generally recommends cesarean section hysterectomy in cases of placenta accreta because removal of placenta associated with significant hemorrhage. Conservative and fertility sparing methods include placenta left in situ, cervical inversion technique and triple-P procedure. There are several studies reporting that segmental uterine resection is performed with and without balloon placement or artery ligation. Segmental uterine resection may be an alternative to cesarean hysterectomy to preserve fertility or to protect the uterus in cases of placenta accreta when there is no placenta previa. received

Rotura uterina durante el segundo trimestre de gestación asociado a placenta percreta: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literature / Uterine rupture during the second trimester of pregnancy associated with placenta percreta: presentation of a case and review of the literature

OBJETIVO: Reportar el manejo de un caso de rotura uterina asociado a percretismo placentario en el segundo trimestre de gestación; y realizar una revisión de la literatura acerca del diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta condición. PRESENTACIÓN DEL CASO: Paciente de 31 años con diagnóstico intraoperatorio de rotura uterina asociada a percretismo placentario a la semana 21 de gestación. Requirió manejo quirúrgico inmediato por abdomen agudo, presentando shock hipovolémico y muerte fetal in útero. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura registrada en las bases de datos entre el año 1995 y 2017 y publicados en inglés y español. Se incluyeron los reportes de y series de caso y artículos de revisión, con relación al diagnóstico prenatal y tratamiento. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de los casos reportados de rotura uterina se describen en mujeres con rotura uterina por percretismo entre la semana 9 y 34 de gestación. El tratamiento es quirúrgico en la gran mayoría de casos y su abordaje dependerá de los hallazgos intraoperatorios y condiciones médicas asociadas. CONCLUSIÓN: El acretismo placentario presentado en etapas tempranas de la gestación es rara, sin embargo, se debe sospechar según hallazgos clínicos y paraclínicos. El manejo debe estar dirigido de acuerdo al grado de invasión placentaria y situación hemodinámica, la mayoría de las veces es quirúrgico y realizado por un equipo interdisciplinario.

OBJECTIVE: To report the management of a case of uterine rupture associated with placental percreta in the second trimester of pregnancy, and to make a review of the literature about the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. PRESENTACION OF THE CASE: A 31-year-old patient with intraoperative diagnosis of uterine rupture associated with placental percretism at week 21 of gestation, who required immediate surgical intervention for acute abdomen, which developed in a hypovolemic shock and fetal death in utero. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Research was done of the literature registered in the databases between 1995 and 2017, and published in English and Spanish. We included case reports and case series and review articles, in relation to prenatal diagnosis and treatment. RESULTS: The majority of reported cases of uterine rupture that are found in women with this condition are due to percretism between week 9 and 34 of gestation. The treatment is surgical in the great number of cases, which procedure will follow depending on the intraoperative findings and associated medical conditions. CONCLUSION: Placental accreta presented at early stages of gestation is rare, however it should be taken into account while considering the clinical and paraclinical findings. The treatment must be directed accordingly to the degree of placental invasion and hemodynamic situation, although most of the time will lead to surgery performed by an interdisciplinary team.

La ecografía Doppler en la detección de invasión vesical en la placenta percreta: nuestra experiencia / Doppler ultrasound in the detection of bladder invasion in the percrete placenta: our experience

Objetivo: Demostrar la utilidad de la ecografía Doppler en la detección de la invasión vesical en el percretismo placentario. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluó por ecografía, desde noviembre de 2011 hasta mayo de 2013, a 21 pacientes de entre 20 y 44 anos que tenían diagnóstico quirúrgico e histopatológico de acretismo placentario (AP). Se consideró invasión vesical a la presencia de estructuras vasculares parietales en la evaluación Doppler color, mientras que se estableció como probable invasión a la presencia de otros hallazgos ecográficos sin senal Doppler. Resultados: De las 21 pacientes con acretismo placentario, 7 presentaron afectación vesical en el examen histopatológico: 5 tuvieron diagnóstico e informe ecográfico de invasión vesical (por la detección de estructuras vasculares en la evaluación Doppler color) y en las 2 restantes se planteó una probable afectación. De las 14 pacientes sin afectación vesical en el resultado histopatológico, hubo 7 con informes normales en la ecografía y 7 con resultados probables. Conclusión: La ecografía Doppler es un método muy útil para la detección de la invasión vesical en el percretismo placentario. Esta se observa con una vascularización parietal positiva en el Doppler color.

Purpose: To demonstrate the usefulness of Doppler ultrasound in the detection of bladder invasion in cases of placenta percreta. Materials and methods: Twenty-one patients, aged 20-44 years old, with surgery and histopathological diagnosis of placenta accreta were tested with ultrasound between November 2011 and May 2013. We considered bladder invasion the presence of hypervascularity detected with Doppler ultrasound, and probable invasion the presence of signs in gray-scale ultrasound, without Doppler color. Results: From the 21 patients included in the study with placenta accreta, 7 had bladder invasion in the histopathological study. Out of these seven, five had been reported to have bladder invasion because of the presence of hypervascularity detected with Doppler ultrasound, and the 2 remaining were reported as probably affected. Regarding the other 14, 7 were reported as normal in the ultrasound, and 7 as probable. Conclusion: Doppler ultrasound is a very reliable method to detect bladder invasion in placenta percreta, seen as hipervascularity of the uterine-bladder interface in the Doppler color exam.

Oclusión temporal de arterias ilíacas internas en cesárea-histerectomía por placenta acreta: enfoque multidisciplinario / Temporary occlusion of internal iliac arteries in cesarean section-hysterectomy for placenta accreta: a multidisciplinary approach

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia y resultados del tratamiento de la placenta acreta previa central en un caso clínico. Durante el embarazo los métodos diagnósticos por imágenes (ultrasonido y resonancia nuclear magnética) precisaron la localización y penetración de la placenta en la pared uterina. En el período inmediato antes del parto, para disminuir la hemorragia, evitar la hipotensión materna y facilitar el procedimiento quirúrgico, se colocaron balones intraarteriales en ambas ilíacas internas por radiólogo intervencionista, catéteres para monitoreo hemodinámico invasivo por anestesiólogo y catéteres ureterales por urólogo. La resolución del parto fue por cesárea-histerectomía sin remoción de la placenta. El caso correspondió a una paciente de 32 años con cesárea en dos partos anteriores, metrorragia episódica y que fue interrumpida en la semana 36. Durante toda la intervención permaneció hemodinámicamente estable requiriendo 1 unidad de glóbulos rojos, 4 litros entre coloides y cristaloides y el posoperatorio fue sin incidentes. El examen histo-patológico demostró percretismo de la pared uterina sin invasión vesical, concordante con las imágenes de lagunas vasculares y la citoscopia. CONCLUSIÓN: El caso demuestra el beneficio del tratamiento especializado multidisciplinario de embarazos con complicaciones graves como la placenta previa con diferentes grados de acretismo.

OBJECTIVE: To report the treatment of a clinical case with central placenta previa accreta. During pregnancy image diagnosis (ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging) revealed localization and penetration of the placenta into the uterine wall. Just before delivery to reduce the bloss loss and avoid maternal hypotension and facilitate surgery, intra arterial balloons were placed on both hypogastric arteries by the radiologist; intravascular monitoring was installed by anesthesist and urologist put in ureteral catheters. The delivery was by cesarean section and followed by histerectomy leaving the placenta in situ. The case correspond to a woman of 32 years old that had 2 previous cesarean section. During this pregnancy bled a few times and was delivered at weeks 36th. During surgery she was stable, requiring one unit of red blood cells and four liters of coloids and crystaloids. Post-operative course was with no problems. The pathologist report a placenta percreta with no bladder involvement, agreeing with the vascular lakes image and the cystoscopy. CONCLUSION: This case reveals the benefits of multidisciplinary approach to manage severe complications of pregnancy such as placenta previa and the degree of accretism.

Embarazo ístmico y acretismo placentario: diagnóstico en I trimestre: caso clínico / Isthmic pregnancy and placental accretism: clinical case

The diagnosis of placenta accreta is oftenmade during the second half of pregnancy, usually associated with previous placenta. Here we present acase of pregnancy implantation in the uterine isthmus diagnosed during the 8th week of gestation. Among the ultrasound findings to highlight we found isthmic bulging by the gestational sac with fetal heartbeats, empty uterine cavity and cervical canal, absence ofmyometrium along the vesico-uterine septum and posterior signs of early placental accretism. At thirteen weeks dilated vessels and irregularly shaped lacunae with turbulent blood flow were seen in the placenta. Expectant management was made confirming accretism with placenta percreta involving the parametrium and respecting the bladder. Cesarean section with hysterectomy was made at 34th weeks in conjunction with interventional radiology (Vascular ballooning of the internal and common iliac arteries) with good maternal and perinatal outcomes. Pathology analysis confirmed prenatal findings.

El diagnóstico de acretismo placentario se realiza en la segunda mitad del embarazo, asociado frecuentemente a placenta previa. Presentamos uncaso clínico en el que se observó una implantación ístmica en la semana 8, destacando los signos de abombamiento ístmico global con saco gestacionaly embrión vivo, cavidad corporal uterina vacía, canal cervical vacío, ausencia de miometrio en tabique vesico-uterino y posteriormente signos sugerentes deacretismo en semana 13 con desarrollo de vasculatura subplacentaria y luego lagunas vasculares de flujo turbulento.Se hizo un manejo espectante confirmando durante la evolución signos de acretismo y percretismo miometrial, extenso desarrollo vascular en parametrios y sin invasión vesical. Fue interrumpida con semanas, por cesárea-histerectomía, optimizada con técnica radiológica intervencional (oclusiónvascular intraoperatoria en secuencia de arterias ilíacas internas e íliacas comunes) con buen resultado materno y perinatal. La anatomía patológica confirmó diagnósticos ultrasónicos.